[2] There are a few exceptions. For example, in 1849 probability theory had shown up in the secondary school's curriculum in Hungary.

[3] de Finetti, B.: 1974, 'Theory of probability: a critical Introductory treatment'', Wiley (1970, Einaudi).

[4] Piaget, J. and Inhelder, B.: 1951, 'La genèse de l'idée de hasard chez l'enfant'', Routledge & Kegan Paul, (1976, Newton Compton).

[5] Enghel, A., Varga, T. and Walser, W.: 1976, 'Hasard ou Stratégie', O.C.D.L.

[6] Estes, W.K.: 1950, 'Toward a statistical theory of learning', Psycological Review 57, 94-107.

Estes, W.K.: 1964, 'Probability learning', in Cathegories of Human learning, Academic Press, New York, 89-128.

[7] English, L. D.: 1991, 'Young children's combinatoric strategies', Educational studies in Mathematics 22, 451-473.

[8] Nortier, M.: 1991, 'Un'esperienza sul calcolo combinatorio', L'insegnamento della matematica e delle scienze integrate 14, n.5, 437-458.

[9] Green, D.R.: (1982): 'Probability Concepts in 11-16 year old Pupils', 2nd edition. Centre for Advancement of Mathematical Education in Technology, University of Technology, Loughborough.

[10] Jolliffe, F. R. and Sharples, Fay: 1991, 'An investigation of the knowledge of proportion and probability that students bring to University with them', in Vere-Jones D. et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Teaching Statistics. International Statistical Institute, Voorburg, v.1, p.370.

[11] Konold, Clifford: 1989, 'Informal conceptions of probability', Cognition and Instruction 6: 59-98.

[12] Falk, R., Falk, R. and Levin, I.: 1980, 'A potential for learning probability in young children. Educational Studies in Mathematics 11, 181-204.

[13] Falk, R.: 1983, 'Children's choise behaviour in probabilistic situation', in Grey D.R. et al. (eds.), Proceedings of First International Conference of Teaching Statistics, Teaching Statistics Trust, Centre for Statistical Education, University of Sheffield, v.2, 714-26.

[14] Hirst, H.: 1977, 'Working with WISCOBAS: Probability', Mathematics Teaching 80, 6-8.

[15] Fischbein, E., Sainati Nello, M. and Sciolis Marino, M.: 1991, 'Factors affecting Probabilistic Judgements in Children and Adolescents', Educational Studies in Mathematics 22, 523-549; italian translation in D'Amore, B. (ed.) Matematica a scuola: teorie ed esperienze, Pitagora 1992, 75-95.

[16] Engel, A.: 1970, 'Teaching probability in intermediate grades', in L. Rade (ed.), The Teaching of Probability and Statistics, Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, 87-150.

[17] Freudenthal, H.: 1973, 'Mathematics as an Educational Tasch', Reidel, Dordrecht.

[18] Millward, R.B.: 1971, 'Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Human Learning' in J.W Kling and L.A.R. Riggs (eds.),Wooddworth and Schlossberg 'Experimental Psycology', Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 905-1015. See also Estes, W.K.: 1964, Probability Learning', in A.W. Melton (ed.), Categories of Human Learning, Academic Press, New York-London, 89-128.

[19] Fischbein E., 1975, 'The intuitive sources of probabilistic thinking in children', Reidel, Dordrecht.

[20] Klein used the term "refined intuition", and Severi the term "second-degree intuition". Klein, F.: 1898, Conférences sur les mathématiques, Conférence VI, A. Hermann, Librairie Scientifique, Paris; Severi F.: 1951, 'Intuizionismo e astrattismo nella matematica contemporanea', Atti del III congresso dell'UMI, Ediz. Cremonese, Perella, Roma.

[21] Good, I., J.: 1990, 'Abstract of "Speculations concerning the future of statistics"', The American Statistian 44(2), 132-3.

[22] Evans J., St., B., T.: 1989, 'Bias in Human Reasoning, Causes and Consequences', Essays in Cognitive Psycology, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.

[23] Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. and Tversky, A., (eds.): 1982, 'Judgment under Uncertainty; Heuristics and Biases', Cambridge University Press, New York.

[24] Hawkins, S.A. and Kapadia, R.: 1984, 'Children's conceptions of probability - a psychological and pedagogical review', Educational Studies in Mathematics 15 (4), 349-377.

[25] Falk, R.: 1988, 'Conditional probabilities: insights and difficulties', in Davidson, R., Swift, J. (eds.), Proceedings, 2nd International Conference on Teaching Statistics. University of Victoria, Britisch Columbia, Canada, 292-7.

[26] Bjorkqvist, O.: 1990, 'Probability concepts and generative learning theory', Proceedings of Fourteenth PME Conference, Mexico, v.II, 319-325.

[27] Shaughnessy, J., M.: 1992, 'Research in probability and statistic: reflections and directions', in Grouws Doug (ed.), Handbook on Researc in Mathematics Education. Macmillan.

[28] Pollatsek, A., Well Arnold, D., Konold Clifford, Hardiman, P. and Cobb, G.: 1987, 'Understanding conditional probabilities', Organisational Behavioor and Human Decision Processes 40, 255-69.

[29] Konold Clifford: 1989, 'Informal conceptions of probability',Cognition and Instruction 6: 59-98.

[30] Barra, M.: 1982, 'Connection between cognitive and affective aspects in the introduction of probability', L'Educazione Matematica, v.3(1), 46-64.

[31] See note 21.

[32] Hawkins, A., Jolliffe, F. and Glikman, L.: 1992, 'Teaching Statistical Concepts', Longman Publishing, New York.

[33] Garfield, J. and Ahlgren A.: 1988, 'Difficulties in learning basic concepts in probability and statistics; implications for research', Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 19(1), 44-63.

[34] See note 30.

[35] Peterson, C.R. and Beach, L.R.: 1967, ,'Man as an intuitive statistician', Psychological Bullettin 68, 29-46.

[36] Lindley, D.V., Tversky, A. and Brown, R.V.: 1979, 'On the reconciliation of probability assessments', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, series A 142(2), 146-180.

[37] Wonnacott, T. H.: 1986, 'Bayesian and classical hypotesis testing', Journal of Applied Statistics 13, 149-157.

[38] Eddy David, M.: 1982, 'Probabilistic reasoning in clinical medicine: problems and opportunities. In Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. and Tversky, A., (eds.), 'Judgment under Uncertainty; Heuristics and Biases', Cambridge University Press, New York, 249-67.

[39] Green D.: 1990, 'Using computer simulation to develop statistical concepts', Teaching Mathematics and its Applications 9(2), 58-62.

[40] Centre for Statistica Education: 1986, 'A Review of Micro-computer Programs for Teaching Statistics', University of Sheffield.

[41] Advisory Unit for Microtechnology in Education: 1988, 'British Educational Software Statistics Catalogue'. The Advisory Unit, Hatfield Polytechnic, Endymion Road, Hatfield, Herts, AL10 8AU.

[42] British Computer Society: 1990, 'Software for Statistical and Survey Analysis 1989-90', The study Group on Computers in Survey Analisis (SGCSA), 4 Mansel Drive, Rochester, Kent, ME1 3HX.

[43] See note 23.

[44] Hawkins, A.: 1990, 'Training teachers to teach statistics', Proceedings of the International Statistical Institute's Round-table Conference, Budapest, 1988, International Statistical Institute, Voorburg.

[45] Villani, V.: 1985, 'Le trame concettuali della matematica', in Cortini, G., Le trame concettuali delle discipline scientifiche, La Nuova italia, Firenze, 1-30.

[46] Castelnuovo, E., and Barra, M.: 1980, Mathématiques dans la réalité' Nathan, Paris

Castelnuovo, E.: 1993, Pentole ombre formiche, La Nuova Italia, Firenze

[47] Kilpatrick, J.: 1987, 'What constructivism might be in matematics education' Proceedings P.M.E., XI , 1, 3-37

[48] Giordan, A. and De Vecchi G.: 1989, Les origines du savoir, Delachaaux, Niestlé.

Guidoni, P.: 1986, 'Pensiero e linguaggio naturale, pensiero e linguaggio scientifico', Atti convegno educazione linguistica e educazione scientifica.

[49] Martinand, J.L.: 1992, 'Enjeux et ressources de l'education scientifique', Actes XIV JIES, Chamonix, Francia.

[50] Bernardini, C.: 1993, 'La matematica della realtà', Epsilon 2, 3-8.

[51]Israel, G.,: 1986, Modelli matematici. Editori Riuniti.